History of the Byzantine Era and Significance Today Essay -- World His

Like John of Damascus, Theodore the Studite was an important literary figure and one of the principal people involved with the writing of the Canons. Theodore the Studite lived from 759-826 CE, and served as the abbot of the monastery of Studius in Constantinople from 798 CE until his death. Like John, Theodore was a defender of icons and believed that Iconoclasm was heresy. Theodores arguments against Iconoclasm can be found in his three formal tracts and in his letter that opposed Iconoclasm based on the benevolent side of Christs nature, and on Theodores belief that symbolism was necessary in religious worship. Though Theodore did admit that God could not, and should not be depicted in art, he still believed that the denial of the legitimacy of Icons of Christ meant the denial of the Incarnation. He argued that it was false to hold the belief, as the Iconoclasts did, that the symbol was the same as the essence it symbolized. Had this been true, he believed that the defe nders of images would scram agreed that the legitimate icon of Christ was the sacred elements of prayer and conscious. Along with his writings and stances against the Iconoclasm, Theodore also created two important funeral orations, one for his mother Theoctista, whom he pied as a pious yet practical Byzantine lady, and another for his uncle Plato, abbot of the Saccudion monastery, whose rules had provided Theodore with a pattern that would aid him in his own monastic reforms. These works, by Theodore, provide arguments from the Iconoclasm periods, and also, from his personal history that give scholars a view into that period of the Byzantine history.Another influential scholar was Maximus the Confessor. In his early years, he study philosophy, g... ...s F.X. The Western Humanities Volume IBeginnings Through the Renaissance. New York, NY McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2010.Newman, Garfield. Echoes from the Past World History to the 16th Century. Whitby, Ont McGraw-Hill Ryerson L imited, 2001.Nicol, Donald MacGillivray, Teall, John L. Byzantine Empire. Britannica Online Encyclopaedia Academic Edition. Accessed January 27, 2014. Retrieved From http//0-www.britannica.com.aupac.lib.athabascau.ca/EBchecked/ upshot/87186/Byzantine-EmpireSt Maximus the Confessor. Orthodox Church of America. Last Modified January 21, 2014. Accessed February 20, 2014. Retrieved From http//oca.org/saints/lives/2014/01/21/100249-st-maximus-the-confessorWho is Saint Maximus? St. Maximus the Confessor Orthodox Mission. Accessed February 20, 2014. Retrieved From http//www.stmaximus.org/who_is_st_maximus.html

What Is The Most Effective Way To Discipline Student :: essays research papers

School is the battleground for too many participants. For most teachers and students, a main battlefield revolves around discipline. Maintaining good discipline is a necessary condition for establishing a classroom climate that is conducive to learning.There are many ways to provide discipline, but one of the most oil-bearing is motivating students because they care about what they are learning. Enthusiastic teachers who present their material in stimulating, meaningful ways motivate students. When students are actively learning guinea pig that has personal meaning for them, they eat neither the time nor the energy to create discipline problems. Conversely, when students feel that they are passive receptacles for knowledge, they become bored, turned off, and find mirth in acting out.Stimulating lessons require competition, high-level thinking, working cooperatively, and create products that evoke pride. Teacher has to increase students response, ask more low-risk, open-ended que stions, see that low-ability students have an equal chance to respond. Of course, it is not easy work. Only teachers, who love their work and give all their time to make their lessons in such way end increase interest of their students and therefore provide discipline.I used to work as a teacher in a school for children with difficult behavior. When I started my job, the question of discipline was the main. And only after I could concentrate students attention on mathematics, when I knew how to work with students with different ability at the same time, when I did not give them a moment for relaxation, the discipline problem was solved.Competition is highly stimulating and motivates students to achieve their best. When competition focuses on the means, or process, the results are recognize and high levels of learning can be achieved. Teamwork is a positive experience. Winning is important as playing. In my practice, the process of playing always was stressed to a higher place the final score. I often used games without score that supplemented the more competitive activities.Cooperative learning or working in groups is very important as well. Students work together in small groups in the classroom.

Chivalry in Arthurian Legend Essay -- Medieval Times Knighthood Essays

Chivalry in Arthurian LegendMerriam-Websters on-line dictionary defines chivalry as the system, spirit, or customs of medieval nicknamehood. As Leon Gautier, author of Chivalry, defines this system and spirit of knighthood by identifying rules of chivalry, two of which are well illustrated in Lanval, TheWife of Baths Tale, and The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnel Thou shalt never lie, and shall remain faithful to thy pledged word, and Thou shalt be generous, and give largess to everyone(qtd. in Chivalry). All three stories seem to suggest the predominant theme of a knight living up to his word. This is shown by the fact that, in each story, the knights oath is taken very seriously, is treated as a contract, and is trusted implicitly. The kindliness of the knight is also portrayed in these works. It is not difficult to see, given the moral overtone of these rules, that the Church had a great deal to do with delineate the values of knighthood.The Wife of Baths Tale and The Wedd ing of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnell both follow the story of a knight who makes a rash promise on which his invigoration depends. Even under the most difficult of circumstances, these promises are kept. In the story of Dame Ragnell and Sir Gawain, King Arthur is described by the author as a knight who bare away the honour, Where-so-evere he went(9). Surely he must be held to any code of honor imposed on a knight eon on a hunting expedition, King Arthur is confronted by a fully armed knight, named Gromer Somer Joure. Arthur is alone, scarcely armed and unable to defend himself against Gromer, who is ready to take Arthurs life. In order to avoid instant death, Arthur is forced to swear to return, alone and in this same arraye(87... ...h, defend the king, his land and his people, and be courteous to the ladies. They were honest, distinguished gentlemen. When they gave their word, it was trusted without doubt. They were the substitution class of chivalry.Works CitedLanval. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Seventh Edition. Volume 1. New York 2000. (127-140).Merriam-Webster Online The Language Center. Online. Internet. 2000. Merriam-Webster Incorporated.Available http//www.m-w.com/Price, Brian R. On Knighthood. Online. Internet. 11/22/2000.Available http//www.geocities.com/Athens/Oracle/7374/knights-2.htmlRules of Chivalry. Online. Internet. 11/11/2000.Available http//www.geocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/5266/chivalry.htmThe Wife of Baths Prologue and Tale. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Seventh Edition. Volume 1. New York 2000. (253-280).

Horatio Essay -- essays research papers

Horatio, The One True FriendWilliam Shakespeare wrote about a distraught prince trying to avenge the wrongful death of his father while each(prenominal) his faith in honesty and the good of man was nearly destroyed. In his play Hamlet, Hamlet is the prince and he is the one who would have lost all his faith in the good of man had it not been for his loyal friend Horatio. Many critics say that Horatio did not play such an important role in the tragedy, that he merely was the informant for the audience and that his character was not developed beyond that fact that he was just the honest confidant of Hamlet. That may be true, however, Horatio does coiffure two central purposes to the drama, and it is through these purposes that show the qualities that make Horatio memorable and admirable. Horatio is the harbinger of truth. It is through Horatio that the actions taken by Hamlet gain credibility. He is the outside beholder to the madness. Hamlet could soliloquize on and on, but it is his conversations with Horatio that gives sanity to Hamlets thoughts. His second role is to be the loyal, truthful confidant of Hamlet.The audience meets Horatio in the chess opening scene of the play. Marcellus and Bernardo, the Danish officers on guard at the castle, ask Horatio to speak to the vision that came to visit the castle. He is asked by the officers to speak to the spirit because he is a most educated scholar and the only one among them qualified to speak in such an intimidatin...

The St. Catharines Standard :: essays research papers

The St. Catharines StandardI choose to do my essay on the St. Catharines Standard. The Standard isthe St.Catharines and Thorold area newspaper. It provides us with the localnews, publicizing and it keeps us in flavor with what is happening all over theworld. It was first owned and runned by the Burgoyne family and was printed inSt. Catharines but, was sold last year to Southam Inc. and has started to beprinted in Hamilton. Southam Inc. also owns other document such as The HamiltonSpectator,The Ottawa Citizen and The Kingston Wig. Here are some questions thatI devour made up about The Standard and I have found the answers for them.1. How important is The Standard to our economy?The Standard is pretty important to our economy. It provides thepeoples of St.Catharines and Hamillton with jobs. It also lets the localbusinesses advertise their business to the people and attracts businesses to St.Catharines. Which brings money to the city. And finally, I provides St.Catharines with the perfunctory news about the city and all over the world.2. What is the source and type of the paper and why is it utilise?The Standard breeds their paper from wherever they can get it the cheapest.It is Recycled Newsprint. Recycled newsprint is paper that has been previouslyused paper that has been shredded, de-inked and then turned into pulp so it canmake paper again. This type of paper is used because its economical,lightweight, recyclable and is available world wide.3. What is the process of making the St. Catharines Standard?The First step in making the newspaper is in the advertising department.The workers in the advertising dept. sell space in the paper to local businessesfor ads. This pays for the paper to be made. Then the ads are produced and areredied for the paper a day before it has to be made. afterward the ad space is soldthe paper is sent up to the editorial room so they can look at the space notoccupied by ads and decide what stories the need to fill up the paper. Now tomake the paper The pages are assembled and the ads and stories are cut andpasted on to boards. After that a negative is shot of the board.

The St. Catharines Standard :: essays research papers

The St. Catharines StandardI choose to do my essay on the St. Catharines Standard. The Standard isthe St.Catharines and Thorold area newspaper. It provides us with the localnews, advertising and it keeps us in touch with what is happening all over theworld. It was first owned and runned by the Burgoyne family and was printed inSt. Catharines but, was sold last year to Southam Inc. and has started to beprinted in Hamilton. Southam Inc. also owns other papers such as The HamiltonSpectator,The Ottawa Citizen and The Kingston Wig. Here are about questions thatI have made up about The Standard and I have found the answers for them.1. How principal(prenominal) is The Standard to our economy?The Standard is pretty important to our economy. It provides thepeoples of St.Catharines and Hamillton with jobs. It also lets the localbusinesses advertise their business to the people and attracts businesses to St.Catharines. Which brings money to the city. And finally, I provides St.Catharines wit h the daily news about the city and all over the world.2. What is the source and type of the paper and why is it used?The Standard gets their paper from wherever they can get it the cheapest.It is Recycled Newsprint. Recycled newsprint is paper that has been previouslyused paper that has been shredded, de-inked and then false into pulp so it canmake paper again. This type of paper is used because its economical,lightweight, recyclable and is available world wide.3. What is the process of making the St. Catharines Standard?The initiatory step in making the newspaper is in the advertising department.The workers in the advertising dept. sell space in the paper to local businessesfor ads. This pays for the paper to be made. Then the ads are produced and areredied for the paper a day before it has to be made. After the ad space is soldthe paper is sent up to the editorial room so they can look at the space notoccupied by ads and decide what stories the need to fill up the paper. in a flash tomake the paper The pages are assembled and the ads and stories are cut andpasted on to boards. After that a negative is shot of the board.

Possible Effects Of Global Warming Essay

If the world(a) temperature swells by an opposite 7 degrees, then it whitethorn result in melting of polar ice which may result in ab come in a 3 to 4 foot increase in sea levels. If such(prenominal) thing happens, then many pitiful lying aras in the world especially Bangladesh, Netherlands, Guam, Indonesia, Maldives and Sri Lanka could be engulfed by sea waters. Increase in global temperature may trigger the spread of dreadful diseases analogous Malaria, Virus fever, dengue fever and other sub-tropical diseases.Ever increasing temperature may upset weather patterns all over the world , causing starvation ascribable to drought in prime food producing regions viz. South Asia , sub-Saharan Africa and tropical Latin America. Due to unprecedented increase in temperature, the whole gamut of species of animals and plants could be wiped out. 7. MAJOR PLAYERS OF GLOBAL WARMING U. S. A is not scarcely a foremost economy of the world but also the largest consumer of fossil dismisss and naturally, it is the biggest producer of fountainhouse gasses, comprising of more than 20% of the worlds carbon dioxide emission which is about 5 billion metric tons.Being the most industrialized economy, U. S. A is firmly depending on coal, oil and natural gas for its heftiness needs and hence U. S. A government is rather reluctant to initiate any appropriate step to limit the greenhouse gas emissions and charges that Arrhenius theory is only a myth. U. S. A is averse to initiate any immediate action restraining the use of fossil fuels or to limit such use as they fear it would have long term effect on its economy.According to Global Climate Change Coalition, an fabrication group which is vehemently opposing prescribing mandatory limits on greenhouse gas emissions as it would result in the ruining of economy. Further , a study move by the coalition group forecasts that if U. S. A pursues some measures on restricting its greenhouse gas emission , then it would result about a 3% decline in U. S gross domestic product by 2010, resulting in a fall of 25% in the growth rate of Americans standard of living. Fig 1 Source Pew Centre on Global Climate Change, December 2004. 8.PREVENTIVE MEASURES An international treaty namely The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, in Japan in 1997 mainly to curb the emissions of greenhouse gasses. The Kyoto Protocol has prescribed mandating limits on carbon emissions which took effect in 2005 nearly after eight years of it was introduced. Regrettably, U. S. A, the worlds top carbon emitter has yet to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. Some Energy companies and economists have proposed to introduce burdensome carbon as an enticement to tempt both the industries and consumers to use low carbon emitting fuels.Gases want Chlorofluorocarbons CFC are man made ones and this gas was used as propellants in aerosol containers, as refrigerants and also being used as a solvent in the manufacture of computer chip. It has been discovered that C FC were mutilating the stratospheric ozone form thereby permitting majority of the suns destructive ultraviolet radiation to reach the Earth. The World CFC manufacturers have agreed to phase out their mathematical product of CFC by signing 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the Ozone layer.It is to be observed that the man made gasses bid CFC is damaging the Ozone layer only very little and the major culprit is the carbon dioxide. Further felling the trees also contribute the level of CO2 high in the atmosphere as green trees helps to remove the gasses from the atmosphere or to maintain equilibrium. During the May 2005, New Zealand had introduced carbon taxes mainly to dissuade purposelessive use of carbon oriented fuels. Thus, New Zealand had enforce about 6% to home electricity consumption and 9% for business energy cost.By 2012, all signatories to Kyoto Protocol should reduce their GHG emissions to less than 5% which is to a lower place 1990 levels. Likewise, The European Union had introduced a regional cap and-trade policy to make it convenient for high emitting EU countries to oblige. 9. ADVANTAGES OF LIMITING THE EMISSION Some U. S industries, though initially opposed to prescribe caps on emission, later considered that the stricter policy as not only environmentally essential but also potentially profitable to economy since it provide push for the invention of new technologies.Further, Title IV of the 1992 Clean Air Act demanded industries and utilities to minimize their sulfur dioxide emissions which are released by glowing coal. Many companies who have exceeded their target sold their excess allowances to some companies that fall short of complying the above provision. Thus, a market in sulfur dioxide allowances materialized. The trading of these excess allowances is being conducted on the Chicago Board of Trading along with the markets for agricultural products and pork belly futures. 10. THE METHODOLOGY OF GREENHOUSE WARMING E ARTHS get upThe greenhouse phenomenon is nothing about carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases discharged into the Earths atmosphere will trap solar heat and such trapping will warm the earths surface and earths lower atmosphere. The greenhouse gas emission effect has been explained in the quest diagram FIG 2 EFFECT OF GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSION Source National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 11. CRITICS ARGUMENT AGAINST FINDINGS Some critics like Sallie Baliunas who is Harvard Universitys astrophysics betoken that in the past century alone, there was an increase of just 0.5 degree Celsius and not more than a 10 to 20 % of a degree could have been caused by human-made greenhouse gases. According to Baliunas, the 0. 5 to 1. 5 degree Celsius warming foretold by the computer simulations overstates the greenhouse effect created by the equivalent 50% buildup of carbon dioxide. Some critics argue that IPCC disclosure that there is a perceptible human influence on global climate t osses the decision itself into air. Some critics vehemently lament that sea-level surge predictions are embellished as the temperature in polar region would still remain below freezing.Some points out those supporters have projected an illusion that global warming would result in the spread of malaria and mosquito oriented diseases. Supporters of global warming have forgotten to take into direct the advanced technology available as on date like air-conditioning, mosquito repellents and mosquito coils and modern medicines have completely eradicated Malaria from the soil of U. S. A and substantially in other countries. Likewise, critics assailed a report forecasting that algal blooms amplified by warming waters would cause cholera was disparaged as unfounded one by the evidence.12. IPCCs FINDINGS ON GLOBAL WARMING United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC has made the following revelations about global warming ? on that point will be an increase of 15 to 90 centi meters in sea levels or by 6 inches to 3 feet by the year 2100. This mainly due to raising global warming which will melt polar ice sheets and the glaziers and there will be an expansion of water due to its getting warmed. ? Global warming will result in increase of extremely hotter days and there will be shrinking of cold days in general.? There will be drastic change in weather pattern causing havoc floods like Katrina and some provinces will be engulfed by famine or droughts. ? There will be an intensity of rainfall as scientists would not predict whether severe storms and tropical cyclones would transform the intensity and location. If the sea level increases from half foot to three feet level , then that would extensively flood the areas like parts of south Florida and southern Louisiana and would create an wide-ranging infrastructure changes in cities like Texas , Dallas , S.C , Charleston and some extent New York City. Further, regional warming trend over the past five decade s has made ice shelves along the chute of Antarctica to crumple. Some supporters of the global warming argue that people would be benefit from climate change. According to World Climate insure, warmer climate will coat the carriage for opening up Siberia and northern Canada suitable for agriculture production, increase the rainfall globally and minimize the perils of winter driving.According to World Climate Report magazine that global warming would usher more advantages and these advantage will overtake its disadvantages. Imagine a warmer climate in poles, Siberia and in Netherlands. It would drastically reduce the energy consumption on heating, reduced clothing expenses, transportation will be less problematic and overall death rates would be at a lower level. Plants absorb the carbon dioxide through their leaves, employ it in the process of photosynthesis and then emit oxygen. Thus, the oxygen released by plant is taken up by the animals for their existence.Thus, carbon diox ide released by animals is returned to atmosphere and once again taken up by the plants as well as by oceans that wrap up the Earths surface. 13. FUTURE ACTIONS TO BE PURSUED United States, China and India are the three countries which have to be involved for the long-term reduction and these countries are not part of Kyotos Protocol first round. Since United States is not a signatory to the Kyotos Protocol, cutting emissions below 1990 level would be insufferable to achieve. 14. ALTERNATE ENERGYWind energy is being employed in a large capacity in Germany and in a substantial way in countries like India, Denmark U. S, and Spain. As of today, braid energy is growing in a fast space due to technological advancement. It is to be observed that wind energy does not harm the environment and does not generate any greenhouse gases or atmospheric emission. Wind energy is named as renewable energy as it is replenishable and depends upon the sun as it is a form of solar energy. Hence, as lo ng as sun is there, wind energy can be attach without any limit.Tidal energy is being harnessed to manufacture electricity also. A tidal power plant is in operation on the Rance River, an estuary of the side of meat Channel in northwestern France since summer 1966. Tidal power plants will be most effective if the difference between high and low tides is enormous, as in Rance estuary, it is estimated that the difference is around 8. 5m or about 28 feet. Nuclear energy is a clean, competent and cost effective energy of the future. Some argue that though the nuclear energy is costly but it can be tolerated as it is a very efficient form of energy.For example, when set of uranium fuel rods is fitted in a nuclear reactor, it needs not to be replaced for many years. Further, uranium is available in plenty and its supplies are assured for many centuries ahead. As compared to fossil fuel based power plants , nuclear power plants does not emit toxic gasses in the atmosphere which ultimatel y responsible for global warming. It is to be remembered that a nuclear power plant does not pollute either the atmosphere or the water as compared to a coal-fired power plant.

Democratic Leadership Essay

Explain what is meant by democratic leadership. Evaluate the effectiveness of employing a democratic leadership style on the success of Harrods. Use E-library sources to fall out another example that had also been successful using a democratic leadership style.Democratic leadership style is an open and collegial style where ideas betwixt the leaders and the subordinates flow freely as the discussions are held in an open manner and where all members opinions are respected. Its often participative and involves employees in the decision deem process. It involves the redistribution of power and authority between employees and managers to provide employee involvement in decision-making. The sideline features characterize democratic leadershipDistribution of responsibility A manager that leads democratically will distribute responsibility among his group to facilitate participation in decision-making. Empowering group members Leaders must empower their members so that the members can accomplish their responsibilities. mandate includes providing training and education necessary for delegated task completion. Aiding group decision-making process A major role of a democratic leader is to ensure democratic deliberation in making group decisions. This means that a leader should act as a facilitator and mediator between group members and ensure that a psychologically healthy and respectful environment is maintained. Advantages of Democratic leadershipDemocratic leadership techniques generally will do a better job creating job mirth because it fosters a sense of participation, control and autonomy. Greater employee participation in decision-making whitethorn also lead to greater innovation and creative solutions to problems that will better deal an organization.Disadvantages of Democratic leadershipIt may not be as efficient as a more traditional centralized and authoritarian form of direction. It may be more costly to the organization in time and resources. Accoun tability may some(prenominal)times present a problem.Employing democratic leadership at Harrods has the following advantages Employees felt that they are more important to doing the job as they have been given more responsibilities and methods to share their opinions. The pressure has been reduced from mangers as they delegated more responsibilities to employees and were left hand out with more strategic decisions to be made. Performance at Harrods have increased because the employees felt that they are more important and have more self-confidence. The work flow of departments became more fluent as the department heads and employees have a degree of freedom to make decisions. The only disadvantage was that top management has lost some of its powers over the employees, but the overall benefits exceeds the cost which acts in favor of Harrods management. Another example of Democratic leadership company is Apple as it gives its employees the freedom to make decisions and to be creativ e in the workplace.

Learning to read Malcolm X Compare and Frederick Douglass and Contrast Essay

Frederick Douglass and Malcolm X both were African Americans who struggled to be successful. Frederick was born a striver for life 1817 he didnt go to school except treasured to have familiarity. He had a lot of obstacles in his path but the fact he cherished to learn to read and write keep him going though he wanted to give up some snips. Frederick Douglass also wanted abolish slavery.Malcolm X was born in May 19, 1925 into a family. During his early years his family moved a number of times because of racism. At age 6 his father was murder mysteriously, their home was burned and four of his uncles were murder by white people. His family struggled economically and they were living off public welfare.His mother became ill and he was sent to foster home. At age 13 Malcolm X was charge with delinquency and dropped out of school at age 15. As a teenager later he began wearing flashy clo involvement and jumped into criminal acts, like doing drugs, gambling and burglary. Age twenty he was sentence to 10 years in prison for burglary. In there he began to transform his life.Frederick was against slavery while Malcolm was against racism. They both had a dream to fight for injustice for their people against racism and slavery. both(prenominal) Frederick and Malcolm taught themselves how to read and write. Frederick Douglass was a slave and it was illegal for slave to have knowledge.He didnt wanted to be a slave he wanted to be something better, wanted to have knowledge as he saw it as power. He educated himself using various strategies, like learning from the boys on the street by trading bread for knowledge. He would even go to the lumber yard and copied the letter that the carpenter would write on the timber the name of the place it was think to go.Then later he would meet the boys challenging them that he can write better and they would respond saying I dont believe you this room Frederick got a good lesson. Malcolm X also taught himself to read and write star ting with whatever knowledge he k refreshful before dropping out of school. After organism sentence to prison he began coping words from the dictionary everything on the page down to punctuationand began interlingual rendition watchwords on history, Philosophy and religion.Reading and writing kept Frederick and Malcolm alive(predicate) through their struggles in becoming something better. Frederick Douglass and Malcolm X both realize how knowledge was great as they interest in reading and writing grew. Frederic knowledge do him a wiser and smarter man than being a slave like he was, he saw better things ahead with knowledge.the both He wanted to be something better than a slave not just for himself but also for his sonny boy slaves too. However reading and writing open up a new world for Malcolm X, it was better and different than when he was out on the streets with flashy cloths and committing crimes.Many thoughts had started appearing in his head. The thoughts ofbeing someone better as well, like Frederick, and to fight for his fellow black people too. They both used their knowledge to help fight justice for they fellow people in the exact situation as them that is slave and racism. Frederick Douglass used his own knowledge to write his own pass and escaped and became a public speaker.A brave speaker who spoke out against those who tolerated slavery. and he was equal to help abolish slavery. Many doubted that he had been a slave as he was such an impressive public speaker. On the other hand reading changed the course of Malcolm X life forever with a better understanding of many things slightly such as, racisms around him.He had little bit more esthesia to the deafness, dumbness and blindness that were afflicting the black race which meant he was able to understood the things that the black race was going through. With his knowledge he became a speaker as well. He became the most visible national spokesman for the black mulisms.anf fought freedom for other from the Christian religion, racism and violence against African American. However, one difference with both writers was that Malcolm X had his own organization while Frederick didnt.Reading and learning about these two authors has inspire me with respect to my own goals by exposing to me and making me understand more how powerful knowledge really is. That knowledge is the key to many things. The more knowledge we gain through reading and writing the more we are able to understand thing in a different and positive way.I honestly never used to like reading but when I was then introduce to a book named the walk series as I was finishing the first series I then realize why Malcolm and Frederic had passion for reading writing I gained form reading and my interest began to grow as well.I can see that both writers had determination regardless of the circumstance/obstacles in order to achieve what they had wanted. non only had they had determination but they both also had love and i nterest for reading and writing. This reminds me of myself being determine to complete all my homework and assignments on time regardless the obstacles I faced like having long travel hours and chores I had to get done with limited time as my mom wasnt around at that moment.

Communication in Basketball

communion is a method in which we interact. It allows us to supervene upon in socio-economic classation by means of several medium and methods. The dictionary defines it as a process in which we assign, conveys and relate antithetic meaning in an effort to create, parcel and provide understanding among people. In accomplishing the process, a vast range of repertoire of skills is needed.The skills required argon listening, speaking, observing, analyzing, evaluating and inferring. The process is developmental and is applied and employed in different fields of every industry and aras of life. At home, schools, community and at working areas, communion and proper mode of utilizing it is vital. With appropriate mode used in communicating process, cooperation, unity and cohesiveness is attained as better understanding about different issues are obtained.Communication comes in various forms. Depending on the situation we are into, the appropriate form of speak we need to employ for effective communication employ whitethorn vary. Various forms of communication may include verbal, non-verbal and written. These different forms of communication potentiometer all be observed in watching or hunting sports and different ventures. In sports, these forms of communications are present and very visible.every sporting event and post requires teamwork from the plays and strategies devised by the pushering staff during training camp up to its proper execution on the grueling court or playing field. For teamwork to flourish with in the unit is necessary. Coaches often stress the importance of communication while inside the hard court and playing, many whiles in interviews conducted at post games they comment on the leave out of communication that leads to failure to work as a team.They point out that communication by the players and the coach can spell victory from the agony of defeat. Thus, keys that will propel teams to victory and eventually to greatness include proper communication. Perhaps among the sporting events which glued hearing to the end of their seats and watched by millions across the world college hoops is one sport that upliftedlight the significance of proper communication. The players, team officials and school alumnis passion towards the sports are admir equal and drive them to push harder and be victorious.College hoops or the NCAA in particular conveys a lot of message to us. Through pod casts, radios and TV broadcast over sa communicateites TV that r each(prenominal)es every part of the world, the NCAA communicates with us. Verbal communication is attained through the commentators and analysts who present the game to us.Although communication is one way it is soundless considered communication since messages are conveyed and related to us and as a result we are able to fully become aware and understand the game who is winning, how the game is being played, to which phase it is in favor and we are provided with in dep th analysis. Although fans are located miles away across the globe, fans are still able to obey the performance of his favorite team. Thanks to the advent of technology as communication has been make possible to all parts of the globe at any minded(p) time.The intensity of the game is passed to us as commentators, announcers, court side reporters and game analyst detailed their stories of every happening on and off the court. Play by play they dissect the game, how things have lead to something and the effect of the players every action. With microphones and other electronic devices sound and conversation are amplified that add color to the already extreme game. As announcers announced Blue Devils basketball or and 1 fans break into a wild frenzy and plunges and burst into euphoric celebration.The written form of communication can be observed through the live coverage conducted by the giant networks. Audiences are furnished with randomness that updates them with every happening on the hard court. As a result, viewers are able to experience and grasp the real spirit and the electricity enveloping the stadiums. Scores are flashed in the TV screen together with the game clock and shot clock and allow us to track every detail that would account to the result of the game.During pre-games and half time reports we are flooded with information as games statistics are displayed in our screens. Through these we are able to deeply understand the game, how and why our favorite team is dispirited and loosing, what is needed to overcome the deficit and eventually win, how can Mayo be neutralized and what does Beasley needs to do in the offensive and defensive end. Experts are able to relay us important keys needed to be accomplished to win.After games, we are able to communicate directly to players as their thoughts are revealed during post game interviews. Written reports are also published in newspapers together with box scores. Through this writings messages are giv en and messages are passed. Thus they are considered form of communication.If various forms of communication are already observed and present from networks live coverage and outside the playing venues, more modes of communications are observed with in the venue and the live game itself. We can start our discussion from the array of strategies each school employs. In order t o win a ballgame a magnificent game plan must first be concocted and devised. Devising it will fall on the turn over of the coaching staff, scouts and consultants.With a game plan that able to maximize the teams strength and exploits the opponents weaknesses and liabilities, the only that would hinder and stall the teams victory is its execution. In execution, coaches converse and discuss game plans to their ace and dependable players. They talk and interact in a manner in which both parties would understand and what each of them wants to do.They exchange information. The coaches tell the players what they think is necessary to do and order their players to accomplish it. The players on the other hand try to do it and then relate to his coach the changes that might be necessary to adapt in order for the plan to be more effective. The end result then is a much better strategy as coaches performed major and small adjustments. These adjustments can then be the difference in a ballgame.Used of verbal communication is not limited to coaches as the players in the court need to communicate as well with each other. Plays are called and players and staffs designed code names for them, so that only players from their side would know what play will be in the offing. They refer to the pick and roll with other names, the isolations and post ups with other codes.Other teams are then led to confusion as terms with different meaning are made to mean something. Opposing teams are left guessing in trying to anticipate actions that would be make by their rivals. As long as every individual that is part of t he team fully understand the description of each secret code and notice its correct message, communication among them would be effective.Spectators also display oral communication as they react from astonishing and poor plays. They also tend to argue with notional calls. They shout on top of their lungs to express how the play has been magnificent and show their support by screaming DEFENSE. Referees and committee officials also talk among each others to ensure that calls and judgment conform with each others decision.In terms of the written form of communication, committee officials adapt the use of these system as signs are raised that would indicate if teams are on penalty, the number of personal fouls and whos possession the ball would be. In return delays are avoided from happening that may arise from confusions in the fast pace tempo of the game.Fans keep track of the scores from the giant electronic scoreboard that also shows the period and time remaining. It contains all s orts of information that would remind the players and the spectators of everything about the game. Posters, slogans and banners are also a mean of communication that can be observed in a basketball game. As a method of showing their support faniacs ( fan and maniacs alike) raised and lift banners that contain catchy praise that either showed unwavering support to the team or relinquish opposing team irritated.In terms of non-verbal form of communication that is present through out the duration of the ball game, there are lots that can be observed. Rules and regulations that are implemented in a basketball game rely heavily on the use of signs. They are expressed mainly through the use of signs that have come to be identified with basketball. Violations such as traveling, dribbling infraction, fouls and goal tending are expressed through the different combine of hands and arms movement. With these various motions of the hands and body movement, a call is identified.Thus, before som eone or in order for anyone to play the game to this high level, he must know and understand the sign and language of the sports. Calls that are made are evaluated through these signs such as arms at traverse which means a substitution is being prepped up and closed fists which indicate that someone committed a foul. Through this, fans and viewers in the boob organ pipe can readily recognize the call that was made. Furthermore, referees also used hand signals and gestures to report to the technical committee those who have made the infraction by intercommunicate the players jersey number.Clapping is also a sign of non-verbal communication displayed at games. Spectators cheered for exciting plays, pair of crucial free throws that are made and defensive gem performed by their team, supporters clapped and give each others high fives. Players and coaches also employed non-verbal communication by tapping their heads, crossing their fingers or pulling up the speeding portion of their j ersey. They can also raise their hand and their arms to indicate plays. They use it as a cover up to prevent opponents from reading their attacks.Communication in the game of basketball is very important. Proper communication makes things better. Verbal, written and non verbal communication are all present in the game and the lack of any one of these can spell the doom to a team. Sports are perfect microcosms of life and if communication can lead to a teams downfall improper communication also have adverse effect into the different areas of life.ReferenceWerner, S. (1979) Communication Theories Origins, Methods, Uses. New York Hasting House

A Review about the movie “Raise Your Voice” Essay

This is about a young woman named, Terri Fletcher (Hillary Duff), whos fond of singing to herself, solely never in public. She is always afraid to raise her congressman to the world. However, she and her buddy, capital of Minnesota Fletcher (Jason Ritter), is sharing the same dream, for Terri to be a famous and successful artist, so he secretly captured her talents and then sent it to Californias most famous music school.Paul was very excited about the application that he asked Terri to go and tweet with him to see a concert. On the way home, a truck hit them that killed Paul. Terri became very traumatic about it, especi onlyy when seeing a light beam it reminds her of her brothers death. She became very depressed about the incident that she blames herself of it. Until they received a letter from her dream school, saying that she was admitted and that, the school has offered her a spot to the spare-time activity school year. Even though its her dream school and that every aspiri ng artist would die to be admitted to this school, she has no plan of accepting their offer, for shes thinking that by accepting the offer could as well as mean that shes betraying her brother to leave him alone, not knowing that her brother sent the application himself. moreover her parents told her that this could also be a good opportunity for her to take a break after everything that has happened. By pursuing her and her brothers dream could also give her a way to be far from home, far from traumatic memories of her brother, to be freed from her guilt. She then, accepted the offer and went to California.She didnt know whats awaiting in that respect for her but shes hoping that somehow her brother will help her pursue their dreams. She brought nothing but her talent and her inspiration with her. She feels so alone, until she met Jay Corgan (Oliver James).He is also a bookman in California Music High School hes the first to approach Terri and helped her fix her arrangements in t he school. Shes lucky to readily regard a friend in a foreign place. He helped her in all things and together, they faced the challenges encountered. But, there came the time that she fail to meet her professors expectations and that she became hopeless of onerous to do so. Then, her professor showed her something to cheer her up.Its her brothers video of her singing, supporting and cheering for her. She then, felt the tears in her eyes, and finally knew that its all because of her brother that everything came to pass, that shes about to reach their dream. And that, her brother only wants the scoop up for her. Shes lifted from her burdens and felt her brothers love for her. From then on, she did her best to make up for her brother and that her brothers efforts wont be put to waste.Jay never left her through the journey to their dreams. But theres still something that Terri needs to overcome. Its her fear of light rays. Shes still suffering a trauma. Its essential for her to overc ome her trauma, for in guild to perform on stage, lights are dawned on you She couldnt perform unless she overcome her weaknesses. In lined with this, there is a competition on campus and her professor is expecting the two of them, Terri and Jay, to join the competition.She feared that her weakness would lead them to failure, so she decided not to participate. However, Jay insisted that hell help her get over her trauma and let go of her guilt. Thinking of her brother again, she joined the competition with Jay and hoped that her brother will help her win the race. They rehearsed too hard and prepared for the competition.Then came the competition, everyone is furious about it, even her parents whos certain of Terris fright of lights. They fear that she might freak out or collapse whenever that happens. But they are somewhat believing that she can do it and that Paul will help her in his own ways. And miracleshappened. When Terri and Jays turn came, lights were already dawned on th em. She felt the trauma again and was frightened, she couldnt sing. But suddenly, she saw her brother, jocund at him from the lights, cheering her up and let her know that hes proud of her. The scenario lightened her feeling and took her trauma away.From then on, everything she do, she dedicates it to her brother, who first believed in her. And taught her how to raise her voice to the world

To What Extent Can Logic, Math or Music Be Classified as a Language? Tok

To what extent gutter logic, math or music be classified as a linguistic process? Mathematicsis the language with which God has written the universe. Declares the Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher Galileo Galilei, when we think in modern sense language is a system of linguistic signs or symbols. In other lyric its the basis of converse. Some people communicate using sign language while others rely on gestures and facial expressions. Mathematics and music may also be used to communicate to some extent. On the other hand logic is only instrumental and it does not house any blueprint of communication.Mathematics is the systematic arrangement of numbers. These numbers could sometimes be used as a form of secretive code used for communication. Such codes are a good deal used by agencies such as the NSA in exchanging valuable information. Many teenagers also use an alternative alphabet composed mostly of numbers and symbols, leetspeak (or 1337 ). Althou gh maths may be used as a language itself could be able to achieve true meaning while using such federal agency of communication? Is it possible to use this nonverbal communication to express our feelings? We must be blind to truly understand the role of face to face communication in our lives.It would be impossible for you to use irony, connotation and metaphors. For sample, if in our secret mathematical code 1446+ meant go a behavior would there be any way to be sure if you said this in a friendly manner or not. This also makes everything vague and unclear. Raw information is put in breast of you, you cannot have your own ideas you must accept what is given to you with no objection Music is an essential to most humans, it is a way of coping with life, and it sometimes may even be used to change the mood of the listener. Your mood shapes the music that you listen to.You would not listen to hard rock or metal after(prenominal) a recent breakup instead you will listen to romanti c songs. You will also notice that some songs will make you feel happy. For example whenever I listen to a Beatles song lets say Love Me Do a fun/happy feeling forms inside of me. I do not believe that connotation of music is limited with its lyrics. Even when you listen to the tune of Bob Marleys Dont Worry Be Happy you will find yourself feeling happier (positive connotation) businesses use this a lot in their advertisements in order to get the potential customers attention.Although music does have a sense of connotation and is able to shift your mood it cannot be classified as a language as the only knowledge acquired if any is acquired is ane way thus there is no communication. For Aristotle, logic is the instrument by means of which we come to know anything. If logic is merely instrument of knowing can we say that it is a language? Could there be language without logic, logic without language? Since we use our own logic to understand the acquired knowledge and there is no int ended communication except that of which is with ourselves. therefrom even though logic pays a major role in the apprehension of knowledge it cannot be classified as a language by itself. Mathematics is, as it were, a sensuous logic, and relates to philosophy as do the arts, music, and plastic art to poetry. Once said the German poet, Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel. Mathematics and music are frequently used to communicate, but without knowledge it would not be possible for us to express our ideas and communicate at all. Therefore we can conclude that mathematics music and language are used integrated with logic forming communication. 0nur Basman () l/l V 2

Ethics of Kant and the Categorical Imperative Essay

What is a categorical imperative? A categorical imperative is a moral obligation which is absolute and necessary in any moral agency and isnt reliant on a singular persons desires or forgets. For Kant, categorical imperatives argon the foundation for righteousness because they invoke pure lawsuits for our moral actions and decisions since each(prenominal) sane world reasons to act outside of their own personal desires or go forth which may cloud judgments or impose a biased verdict of the situation. Kant explains this by distinguishing two different kinds of imperatives categorical and hypothetical.Obviously Kant is interested in categorical imperatives and uses this distinction to show the variety between them so that categorical imperatives come out stronger. As stated before, categorical imperatives according to Kant argon moral obligations which are absolute and necessary in any moral situation and isnt reliant on a particular persons desires or purpose. He also says tha t categorical imperatives (obligations) are such if they are of a commanding or imposing nature. For example Dont murder is a categorical imperative which is binding to all(prenominal) rational person and forces a person to act of good go away.Hypothetical imperatives on the other hand are obligations in which there is an end vector sum of your action which is in modus operandi a result of your personal desires our thoughts. An example of a hypothetical imperative is the statement If you want to stay out of jail, thus dont murder. Here, there is no sense of authority dirty dog it it doesnt have any weight or value behind it. He further distinguishes that there are different types of imperatives which make us act or conceive of the mien that we do in a interrogate of morality. These distinctions are imperatives of skill, imperatives of prudence, and imperatives of morality.Kant does recognize the imperatives of skill and prudence counterbalance though he doesnt believe the m to be intrinsically good or of good volition. supremes of skill call for action and are a means to an end in which the end that the person is seeking isnt the end result of rejoicing but something else. An example of this would be the duty to non smoke cigarettes in order to live a healthy lifestyle. Here, your end goal is to live a healthy lifestyle in order to avoid conditions associated with smoking. Imperatives of prudence also calls for action and is a means to anend but with the end result organism a product of the person hoping to achieve happiness. For example, the duty to be polite and respectful so that others will do the same unto you and in turn you will be happy. Here, you are hoping to achieve the end of cosmos happy by acting in a polite and respectful way. Imperatives of morality for Kant are exclusively different from those of prudence and skill. These duties do not have a specific means to an end but instead they represent a way of ascertain what to do bec ause of what is morally right.These imperatives are the ones in which they are categorical since a rational being is one in which you are exposed to a situation in which you must determine what the right thing to do is and being a rational being, you choose the action which has good will which in turn means you are acting my duty due to respect and understanding of morality in general. For example the duty to not physically harm some other person doesnt have a specific end that will satisfy yourself but it is the morally right thing to do if you are a rational person who respects the wellbeing of yourself as well as others.How does he arrive at the conclusion that The bland Imperative is the purest way to reason your morals? He reasons that the still thing that is unconditionally good is the good will and that good will is an act of duty. For Kant, acting from your duty means not acting by your own desires and wills but for respect of morality in general. Looking at the Categoric al Imperative versus other moral theories, the Categorical Imperative is the only one in which a persons desires or inclinations arent needed to make a moral decision (versus Aristotles work out that a persons skill and acting prudently is what contributes to moral decisions).Therefore the only thing that is unconditionally good is to act according to The Categorical Imperative. From this, Kant is saying that the amount of value placed on morals of any action or decision depends on moral duty and moral law. For Kant, if a person acts from a good will then they are acting by moral duty and if a moral decision is binding to every person capable of having a rational thought, then they are acting by moral law.Since both are required for a pure rational reason, then The Categorical Imperative is the only moral law which allows us to meet these requirements of allowing us to act from good will and to also be binding to every person. Even though Kant does seem to be making his point, he h as many flaws in his reasoning. One problem is that he doesnt intuitive feeling at the big picture he seems to say that if we are to make a moral decision then it should be based on being intrinsically good so that you are able to universalize it which is a good thought however he doesnt look at situations crusade by case.He doesnt believe that there are any exceptions to his theory about categorical imperatives, he believes that it is morally right to act in a certain way for one situation, then you should act that way in all situations and also if it is wrong to act a certain way then it is wrong to act that way in any situation you are in. An example of this is say your best servicemate is very sick in the hospital and is feeling down. None of his/her friends seems to be coming to visit so your friends mom asks you to go and visit but then she adds that she will pay you twenty dollars if you go and do it. So you go and visit your friend which cheers them up.A few weeks later when they are out of the hospital, your friends dad accidentally tells your friend that you were paid by their mother to go visit. Your friend is infuriated and confronts you about the situation. Here is the dilemma do you tell your friend that you were going to visit them anyway and the money was a bonus or do you lie and say that you never took the money in order to hold your friend from hurt feelings and a damaged friendship? In this situation Kant would have you tell the truth because lying in general is immoral so if it is immoral in one situation, it is immoral in all situations no matter the circumstances.Another problem with Kants theory is that it creates contradictories since there is no way of life for exceptions even though some duties conflict with each other. An example I will use to show is this from the Bible in Numbers 104-6 Who will give us meat to eat? they said. Think of the fish we used to eat free in Egypt, the cucumbers, melons, leeks, onions, and garlic He re we are wasting away, plain of everything there is nothing but manna for us to look at Here, the Israelites are complaining about their new source of food which God provided for them, because it isnt tasty and that is the only thing they have to eat.The Israelites are contradicting their new found freedom by wishing for the food they had back in Egypt when they were enslaved under the Pharaoh. Should they be thankful for their newfound freedom even though they have bad food or should they desire the good food they had while they were enslaved? This is a contradiction. Kant seems to only focus on the motives for our actions in moral situations versus the actual outcomes of our actions (which is kind of the point in acting or not acting in a dutiful way).There are many times in which we have good intentions for a situation but what ends up being the outcome of those intentions are abysmal. For example, bring a family member is terminally ill and is in constant pain on a daily ba sis. There is no hope of a bring around or for the pain to diminish your family member must endure the pain until the illness kills them. What if your family member asked you to aid in their plan to commit suicide in order to escape their pain? Say you come to the decision to help them after deciding it is the morally right thing to do.Without thinking of the outcome of the situation, you are soon found guilty of a felony charge of aiding in a suicide. Even though you had good intentions, the outcome of a person dying with the help of another person clearly outweighs the good and the outcome of the act is just as important as the decision itself. Overall, morality is too complex and adept of exceptions to situations so that specific decision procedures wont work. Kant believes that morality necessitates that we do the morally right thing because it is right, and for no other reason.He also believes that we should musical score ourselves to the same standards we would require of e veryone else so that we arent placing exceptions for our own benefit. We must use our reason to come to our own conclusions about good will and ignore our predispositions even if they tend to point in the right direction. An action or decision is only intrinsically worthy because of your ought to do it, because of your obligation to do it. I think what Kant was trying to aim at was the importance of a persons character (acting the right way even when you may not want to). except the actions done from our obligations have any value.They have value because we will them from our obligations not because of the goal we try and achieve or the outcome we intend to happen. We have obligations to each other and our actions are right when we are correctly motivated in the face of every obstacle keeping us from those obligations. It isnt easy being unbiased by our predispositions or desires, but predispositions and desires are often conflicting with what is right. Works Cited The Holy Bible K ing James Version. Dallas, TX Brown Books Publishing, 2004. Kant, Immanuel. Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals. Cambridge University Press. 2012. Print.

“Magdalena and Balthasar” by Steven Ozment’s Essay

In the story Magdalena and Balthasar by Steven Ozments, one is able to reconstruct the lifestyle of a sixteenth-century merchant family that lived in Europe. The life styles specifically shown in Magdalena and Balthasars relationship was anything merely an average lifestyle. Although the couple dealt with many problems such as the separation out-of-pocket to business, they were able to keep their marriage stable through letter. In these letters one is able to set off their beliefs active their family life, marriage, parenting, and the affects religion had on them. Although this specific couple had a unique relationship, one could come to round understanding of how a medieval persons life was lived.When analyzing pieces from these letters, one could conclude that marriage had to be filled with love, admiration, and cooperation to be successful. Given the consumption in 16th century society, the conserve was the dominant figure and the wife was remaining with the house remove duties and children. However, some relationships were ahead of their cartridge clips and was based solely on reciprocated compassion. If this bond could be achieved it brought a sense of equality in the understanding and responsibility of a marriage. The growing love in a marriage relationship was sticky to accomplish. Whether the marriage was based on the correspondent backgrounds, or mutual feelings about equality, a successful marriage had to be established on.Many merchants at this time were extremely involved with their work. This meant that when work called they had to reply. If the job took the husband out of town the best way to maintain their relationship was through letters. Although it was hard to keep in touch there were many ways that they could communicate their love.Another feel that was seen in the medieval time period was the way in which the people uttered their love. In the relationship amidst Magdalena and Balthazar, Magdalena uses special valued objects in her letters in order to express her love. An example is when she folds flowers from their garden into her letters to him(Ozment 28). Likewise, Balthasar expressed his love for Magdalena through his unique writing style. In his letters he was able to express his love through simple words such as honest, good, true,friendly, dearest, closest bride(Ozment 28). It can be spy that the common attribute of expressing love in their relationship was not only limited to their relationship specifically, kinda it applies to most sixteenth-century relationships.Although Love was a major attribute in relationships trust was another strong hold point of the everyday family lifestyle of this time. There had to be a strong supporting trust from separately side of the relationship in order for the family to prevail. For instance, when the couple was separated the husband would have to have a deep sincere trust for the wife to maintain his business at home. The wife would have chores such as, te nding to the children, keeping the household running, and other business related tasks. Although it was common for the women to do so anyways, the husband had to rely and trust his wife to take care of these dealing without second thought.Although the husband had to give up allot of responsibility when he was away for work, normally he would not give up the full authoritative power. For example in a disagreement usually their would be some sort of compromise, but in the end the wife would give in to the big decisions allowing the husband to have authority. The equilibrium amid trust and negotiation that was seen in sixteen-century relationships shows how a sense of stability that was formed in their family lifestyles.Parenting in this time period was dealt with by different methods, which were determined by the different marital roles. The primary differences come from their excerpt of style that was inherited from their forefathers. The wife is usually the consoling and sympathe tic parent, while the father was usually the backside and punitive parent. The father had to deal with his parenting from a different town at times, which led to less synergetic correction strategies. When a demand from the father was made to the child, the child would usually meet the request without question. Although the wife respects the husbands requests she usually sympathized for her son, showing an amount of protection, by lessening the demands.The most similar parenting style between the two is their love for their son.Although the teaching methods were different from parent to parent, the child usually stock a decent education, housing, adequate food, to fulfill his needs. The love and support from both the mother and the father is staggering and overall should result in a prudent child.Religion is a very important aspect of sixteenth-century life among medieval individuals. A common belief was that God was involved in their family life and was in absolute control. They think of God as an absolutely omnipotent being, who controls human destiny on kingdom and into eternity(Ozment 144). If there were unfortunate dealing such as sickness or substantial spillage in a business deal, it was believed to be an obvious punishment of God(Ozment 144).Religion was also bind into the lives of medieval people by the incorporation of it into their marriages. The medieval people relied on the God given command of the husbands role for leadership in the familys prosperity.Parenting techniques also resulted from their Christianity belief. The disciplinary actions of each role in the family originated from the history of Christianity. Even though these teachings seemed strict they closely adhered to them in order to adhere to their beliefs.The finical dealings with Magdalena and Balthazar gave and exclusive illustration of the life of a sixteenth-century family. It also exposed the hardships of the medieval time period. Magdalena and Balthazar gave a significan t portrait into how a person in the sixteenth century dealt with the everyday attributes of marriage, parenting, family life, and the affects religion had upon them.

Capital One Case Study Essay

In consumer l fetch uping, e rattling product is evolving in the aforesaid(prenominal) direction as cite visiting tease-toward large, national-scale consolidators replacing topical anesthetic, face-to-face lend. That evolution has happened in point of reference cards. Its well under way in auto finance, owes, and home equity. Its coming more(prenominal) slowly in installment lending. So consumer lending, a major(ip) part of the asset side of banking, is all flowing toward national consolidators like swell one. -RICHARD D. FAIRBANK, CEO AND CHAIRMAN, chief city ONE FINANCIAL CORPORATIONUnited Kingdom, the Hfs Group, to strengthen its Global Financial serve (GFS) subsidiary in the British securities industry. As of April 2005, it possessed sufficient liquidity ($21 billion) and capital ($9.2 billion)4 to enable its famous chump to expand into new marts and seize the right opportunities for remunerative growth. Although the come withs acquisition of Hibernia in exhibit 2005 provided it an luck to enter the fast-developing Texas markets of Houston and Dallas, it might face stiff competition from new(prenominal)wise large confidence companies, much(prenominal) as Citigroup and J.P. Morgan. enceinte superstar Financial Corporation is a diversified bank holding confederation, with a 2005 market value of $18.92 billion. It provides a gamut of financial services through its main subsidiaries-Capital wiz Bank, Capital unitary FS.B. (which offers consumer and mercenary lending and consumer deposit products), and Capital adept Auto Finance Inc (COAF). From a small local bankcard issuer in 1995, the company has transformed itself into one of the largest financial institutions in the United States by continuallyintroducing a steady stream of products. It features one of the most recognized brands in the industry, which it leverages along with its strategies of direct marketing, risk analysis, and discipline technology to grow and diversify into new(prenominal) backinges.Ranked 206th in the Fortune 500 list in 2005,2 the company has been gradually transforming itself from a credit card company to an institution that provides banking and other financial services to consumers. By January 2005, it was the 31st largest deposit institution in the United States with $25.6 billion3 in touch on-bearing deposits. Capital angiotensin-converting enzyme has been on the path of diversification from the late 1990s and has made three acquisitions between 2004 and 2005 Onyx Acceptance Corporation, eSmartloan, and Hibernia content Bank. It has likewise acquired a home equity brokerage house company in theCapital unmatchable is the twenty percentage largest credit card provider in the United States5 and one of the largest issuers of MasterCard and Visa credit cards. It was founded as a wholly owned subsidiary of Virginia- insensibled Signet Bank when Richard D. Fairbank, CEO and chairman of Capital wholeness, was invited by the b ank to train its bankcard division.It began its operations in 1953, the corresponding year MasterCard International was formed. Fairbank and the former vice chairman of Capital genius, Nigel Morris, cognise that traditional banks offered loans with ex represent focusing on the customers-like analyzing their risk characteristics. They decided that by using technology and data exploit techniques in the conclusiveness- making process of providing credit, the bank could charge the appropriate interest rates more accurately and earn greater profits. In 1994, Capital One was spun off from Signet as a public credit card company and established itself in McLean, Virginia. It had an initial public offering of 7,125,000 sh atomic number 18s of common bourgeon in the United States and Canada, at a price of $16 per sh are,6 which was managed by J.P. Morgan Securities Ine., Goldman, Sachs & Co. and Barney Ine. It is a part of the S&P 500 index, and also trades on the New York Stock Exchan ge with the symbol COF This case was written by Susmita Nandi, under the direction of Sumit Kumar Chaudhuri, ICFAI Business School Case Development Centre. It is intended to be used as the basis for class discussion rather than to illustrateeither effective or ineffective discourse of a focus situation. The case was compiled from 25 published sources. 2005, ICFAI Business School Case Development Centre. No part of this publication may be copied, stored, transmitted, reproduced, or distri stilled in any form or strong suit whatsoever without the permission of the copyright owner.Between 1994 and 2004, the company grew at an annual compound rate of 29 percent/ some(prenominal) in terms of its EPS and the number of customers. In 2004, its earnings were $1.5 billion, and the EPS was at $6.21.8 At the end of 2004, the company and its subsidiaries held 48.6 million accounts and $79.9 billion9 in managed loans outstanding, which grew by 12 percent ($8.6 billion) over the previous ye ar (see uncover 1). It had 17,760 employees in inch 2005. The bank offers 7,00010variations of its MasterCard and Visa cards, each one is customized to appeal to different customer preferences and needfully by combining product features such as different backgrounds and colors, along with varied annual theatrical role rates, credit limits, fees, and rewards programs. Capital Ones pricing dodging is based on the risk take aim of its customers.It offers platinum and gold cards to its preferred customers with slender credit history and a wide enjoin of secured and unsecured cards to customers with limited or poor credit history. The company also provides a part of consumer products like auto finanCing, mortgage services, credit insurance, and home-equity loans. Customizations of credit cards at Capital One are made with the support of its Information-Based Strategy (IBS), which uses sophisticated data-mining techniques to match its credit cards (its combination of interest rat es, fees, rewards, and other conditions) with targeted customers based on their credit scores, credit uses, and other parameters. IBS is the fusion of one of the worlds largest databases, education dodges, a well-trained team of analysts and statisticians, and advanced scoring models. The companys decision-making process is made efficient by bringing together marketing, credit, risk, and information technology. It selects its most paying customers and the appropriate rate by using the austere testing of econometric and time series models.The credit ratings of customers is based on the Fair Isaac Corporation (FICO) scores, which are used to predict payment risk by looking at several variables, including credit history. TheIBS system uses FICO scores to divide its customers into three groups of super-prime (with excellent credit history), prime (average credit history), and sub-prime (with poor or very little credit history). Through the use of IBS, the company has been able to lo cate a group of students who were not included in the mailing lists of other credit card companies because these students, mostly unemployed and little or no credit histories, were considered high risk.Capital Ones strategy of sending credit card applications, which were tailored to the needs of these students, proved effective, as 70 percent of the applications were filled and mailed back, thus creating a new market for the company. IBS has also helped Capital One avoid customers who do not pay interest charges on loans. The charge-off rate (for bad debt) of Capital One is the industrys lowest, and for 2004 was at 4.37 percent, compared to 5.32 percent in the previous year.Capital Ones GFS particle offers a portfolio of diverse products to both domestic and transnational consumers. In the domestic market, the GFS segment includes installment lending, health care finance, mortgage lending services, and small business lending services. GFS has been on a growth curve and in 2004, it accounted for 27 percent of Capital Ones total managed loans, which are comprised of reported loans and off-balance sheet securitized loans. It also accounts for 14 percent of its earnings. Its international portfolio in the first place consists of credit card business in the United Kingdom and Canada, valued at $8.2 billion and $2.4 billion,12 respectively. Capital One is the United Kingdoms seventh largest credit card issuer, and among the top ten of the same in Canada. In January 2005, the company completed the formalities to acquire a British equity brokerage firm called Hfs Group to strengthen its power in the United Kingdom. Although Capital One had holdings in France and southwestward Africa, it exited these markets due to lack of growth opportunities.Capital One generated strong earnings and loan growth over again in 2004, as it has each year since its initial public offering ten years ago. The company is well positioned for continued success in 2005 in both our Us. cre dit card and our growing and profitable diversification businesses. -RICHARD D. FAIRBANK, CHAIRMAN CAPITAL AND CEO, CORPORATION ONE FINANCIALCapital One grew at 30 percent14 (see Exhibit 2, on page 68) between 1994 and 2004 by issuing credit cards at entrancing interest rates. Most of its business is conducted via direct mail (junk-mail solicitations), although it also markets its products through television and Internet (http// web .capitalone.com). It expanded its credit card operations in Canada, Europe, and South Africa in the late 1990s. At the same time, the company also made strategic keeps toward diversifying its portfolio by entering into financing of automobiles and other motor vehicles, mortgage and home equity loans, insurance, and other consumer lending products.Although 60 percent of its total managed loans is in its credit cards business (see Exhibit 3, on page 68), the company is gradually increasing its operations in other business segments. In 1998, Capital One b ought Amerifee, a company that provided financing for elective surgeries such as orthodontic, vision, and cosmetic procedures. It became a wholly owned subsidiary of Capital One in May 2001. Amerifee is a market leader known for introducing Orthodontists Fee and Dental Fee plans in 1993 and 1998, respectively. These fee plans are the largest diligent payment plans in(dollars in millions, except per-share data)Reproductive Endocrinologists and infertility clinics. IS The subsidiary formally became Capital One Healthcare Finance in April 2005. Capital One soon realized that the auto financing market is double that of the creditcard market, and therefore it has a strong growth potential in that segment. This market is highly fragmented and no company holds more than 20 percent16 of the market share. It provided an opportunity to Capital One Auto Finance Ine. (COAF) to introduce innovative offers and increase its market share. COAF added $163.8 millionl? to the companys earnings in 200 4, and has continued to be on a high growth curve. To strengthen its market position in the automobile finance segment, the company acquired ONYXAcceptance Corporation (Onyx) for $191 millionl8 (in an all cash transaction) on January 11, 2005. It also acquired InsLogic, an insurance brokerage firm, from Onyxs management team.The purchase strengthened the Auto Finance subsidiary of Capital One and compound its dealer relationships, coastto-coast market penetration in the United States, and its product line among the prime borrowers. Onyx is based in Foothills, California, and provides automobile loans to certain independent and franchise dealerships all over the United States. Onyx claims to sacrifice purchased and securitized $10 billionl9 in auto loans since its inception in 1993, and allow add 12,000 new dealerships to Capital Ones list. accord to David R. Lawson, Capital Ones executive vice president, and president of COAF, This transaction combines two strong franchises wit h antonymous strengths.Onyxs significant and long-standing presence with California dealerships coupled with its strong prime product offering fills out both COAFs product line and geographic footprint. Together, we expect to realize significant revenue and monetary value synergies20 This acquisition may make COAF the second largest auto lender in the United States. COAF has denote that it has raised its car loan limit to $100,00021 (previously $75,000) for direct-toconsumer vehicle loans that have originated from its Website (http//capitaloneautofinance.com) in February 2005. This move was made in response to the growing demand for luxury cars such as Corvette by Chevrolet, so that the company can get more business from this customer segment. This extension is limited to only those with excellent credit histories (super-prime customers). The vice president of COAF, Brian Reed, said, Car buyers have more choices than ever today at the high end of thecar spectrum, so weve adjusted our limit to offer consumers greater flexibilit/22 The competitive reinforcement of COAF is that the loan process takes place on the Internet and requires no legacy fees.Also, its IBS system allows it to charge alter interest rates depending on the customers risk levels. In February 2005, Capital One purchased eSmartloans .com for $one hundred fifty-five million,23 one of the largest online providers of home equity loans mortgages in the United States. Headquartered in Overland Park, Kansas, the company offers a change of products that are marketed and delivered directly to homeowners. The purchase is meant to broaden Capital Ones offering of consumer loans and deepen its position in the growing US. home equity market. Larry Klane, Capital Ones executive vice president of Global Financial Services, said, eSmartloan has succeeded in building a scalable technology political platform, a highly proficient sales team, and an outstanding reputation for customer service and speed to close.By combining these strengths with Capital Ones powerful national brand, access to 47 million accounts, and expertise in direct marketing, we will enhance the growth of our home equity lending business24 In early show 2005, Capital One announce its decision to purchase Hibernia National Bank. Hibernia is the largest bank in lanthanum,2s with 316 branches in atomic number 57 and Texas, and $17.4 billion26 in deposits. It provides a wide assortment of financial products and services through its banking and non-banking subsidiaries that ranges from deposit products, small business, mercantile, mortgage, backstage and international banking, to trust and investment management, brokerage, investment banking, and insurance. Capital One paid a 24 percent premium over Hibernias closing linage price of $26.57 as on environ 4, or $33 per share,27and a total of$5.3 billion for the purchase.The nuclear fusion reaction is expected to cost $175 million in restructuring expenses and re sult in near-term synergies of$135 million.28 According to Fairbank, This acquisition is a natural extension of the diversification strategy we have been pursuing for some time. The transaction brings together two financial companies with complementary strengths and represents a get long-term value proposition for shareholders of both companies. Hibernias leading market share in Louisiana and its promising Texas branch expansion create not only a solid growth platform as we continue to expand, but also an additional source oflowercost patronage. Additionally, we believe our national brand, 48 million accounts, broad product offerings, asset generation capabilities, and market expertise will drive profitable growth in branch banking 29 Capital One wanted to purchase a commercial bank with a strong management team and a large local market share. Hibernia has both these qualities as well as the potential to expand extensively into Texas markets. Currently it has only 109 branches in Texas, but the cities of Dallas and Houston are number 2 and 3 in terms of fastest growing markets in the resistance cities, a seemingly untapped potential for capturing market share in that region.30 The main advantage of purchasing Hibernia is that Capital One gains access to a lower cost of funding at 1.38 percent against a rate of 4.24 percent.3l One third of Capital Ones funding is obtained from the deposits in its fully owned Internet bank at 4 percent, which is higher than that paid by any of its rivals.The rest of it comes from securitization, which is uncivilised as well as costlier than its other avenues of sourcing funds. It can increase ratio of funding from deposits from the previous 30 percent to 40 percent,32 to support its lending operations in the areas of credit cards, auto finance and mortgages. acquiring Hibernia is also expected to increase its profit margins due to decreased interest expenses and bring stability to its businesses of consumer lending and other financial products. It now has the ability to use Hibernias brick -and- mortar branches as a innovation pad to market its range of offerings in combination with its IBS techniques. The deal also provides Capital One with the opportunity to enter the debit -card market and also introduce its own home equity credit line. early(a) in the twenty-first century, the US. credit card industry witnessed a high level of competition and was also going through a phase of consolidation. For example, J.P. Morgan integrated with Chase in 2000, and the have group merged with Bank One in July 2004 to form the second largest US. bank holding company with a combined asset base of $1 one million million33 and 19.1 percent of the total credit card market share. The US. consumer debt amount of $2.1 trillion (Federal Reserve Bank data) in January 2005 was mostly due to the top ten credit card companies, which held 85 percent of the market share.34 Market share of Capital One in the credit card segmen tfell from 7.2 percent in 200Ys to 6.8 percent (see Exhibit 4) in 2004.Capital One was left with no innovative ideas such as being the first bank to offer automatic balance transfers, which could catch business from other banks. The rise in personal bankruptcies and the economic recession between 2001 and 2004, coupled with the intensity level of the credit card market diminished growth opportunities for Capital One in that market. Thisnecessitated its diversification into other consumer lending operations through different distribution channels such as Hibernia. Capital One has been bombarding the Internet, radio, and television with its advertisement, Whats in your wallet? with one of the versions featuring the famous Hollywood comedian David Spade (Appendix 1). It spent $285 million on advertisements, a total marketingexpense of $1.3 billion36 in 2004 and $5.4 million in January 2005,37 which was more than competitors such as American Express. In a consumer survey conducted by USA Todays weekly poll, 30 percent of the people disliked the advertisement, while 12 percent liked it a lot suggesting that it did not receive the popularity it wanted.It was opined that the advertisement expense has been eating into Capital Ones profits. other potential hurdle for Capital One is its potentially risky source of funding from securitization. It pools together the loans it originates and invests pieces from that gathering in different securities. Because the investment is dependent on the stock market price fluctuations, this source of funding involves a great deal of uncertainty and risks of monetary loss. It has also amassed a large portfolio of sub-prime customers as it relies on its IBS system to guide it toward greater profit margins (related to greater risk), without incurring heavy losses. Due to federal regulations and a great many of its customers defaulting on their loans, Capital One had to shift away from subprime to a greater proportionality of prime and super-prime customers.This change led to smaller margins as the company offered an introductory rate of 9.9 percent to its super-prime customers vis-a-vis a rate of25.9 percent3s charged to sub-prime customers who are associated withhigh probability of delinquency. In July 2002, the company disclosed its decision to tighten controls over its loan disbursements (mainly to sub-prime lenders) to meet the banking regulators demands, leading to a 40 percent decline39 in its shares in one day (Appendix 2). Management of Hibernias branch banking and its non-consumer lending operations, after the merger is complete, might pose a challenge for Capital One because it lacks experience in those fields.The non-consumer lending portfolio consists of commercial and industrial loans (C&I) and commercial real-estate (CRE) loans. Hibernias combined portfolio of C&I and CRE is worth $4 billion,40 and its small business portfolio is valued at $3.2 billion. The challenge will be to efficiently inte grate Hibernia into its system and strategy, which includes in club of its retail branch banking, and follow of its business and asset integration plans. For the short term, it might need to rely on Hibernias management team in making any strategic decisions. Part of the strategic long-term vision, as announced by the company is to expandfurther into the state of Texas, especially in Dallas and Houston, and establishnew branches there. In expanding in that direction, Capital One is likely to face stiff competition from several major players in the credit card and banking industry such as JP Morgan, Citigroup, Bank of America, and American Express.It may be unenviable for Capital One to steal any business away from these giants, even with its innovative ideas and products, because the bigger players have strong presence in that region. Analyst and credit rating agencies like Fitch have warned that Capital Ones growth depends on its ability to aggreSSively defend and maintain market positions in the states of Louisiana and Texas. Fairbanks said, Were well positioned to continue our profitable growth. Financially, weve never been stronger. Our flagship credit card business is thriving.Were successfully taking IBS, the strategy that made Capital One a winner in credit cards and auto finance, to new businesses. And, we have a powerful brand and huge customer base to fuel our growth and diversification. Our people have pulled together to make Capital One the strong, diversified company it is today. And I am confident that they will sustain our momentum as we enter our second ex as a public companyM. McNamee, 2005, Capital Ones concrete step, http//www .businessweek.com, March 11. http//wwwfortune.com. http//wwwcapitalone.com. ibidem N. Slaughter, 2005, Capital One shells out http//wwwfoolcom, March 7 1994, Capital One financial corporation completes initial public offering, http//wwwbusinesswire.com. http//wwwfortune.com. Ibid. 2005, Capital One to acquire Hiber nia Corporation for $5.3 billion in stock and cash, http//biz.yahoo.com, March 6. M. McNamee, 1999, Capital One Isnt there more to life than plastic? http//wwwbusinessweek.com. http//wwwcapitalone.com. Ibid. http//wwwcapitalone.com. 2005, A capital idea, http//wwweconomist.eom, http//wwwcapitalonehealthcarefinance.com. Ibid. http//wwwcapitalone.com. Ibid. http//wwwonyxacceptance.com. http//wwwcapitalone.com. 2005, Capital One announces new online auto loanlimit of $100,000, http//wwwpwrebdireCl.com. February 25. Ibid. March 10. November 22. November 15.http//wwwmccollpartners.com . http//wwwcapitalone.com. Louisiana is one of the southern-most located between Texas and Mississippi. A capital idea, op. cil.states in the U.S. and is2005, Capital One buying Hibernia for $5.3B, http//wwwcnnmoney. com, March 7 http//wwwCapitalone.com. Capital One to acquire Hibernia Corporation for $5.3 billion in stock and cash, op. cil. Capital Ones concrete step, op. cil. A capital idea, op. cil. Ibid . 1 Locke, 2005, Bank One, JPMorgan merger ups the ante in Colorado banking game, http//wwwbizjournals.com. A capital idea, op. cil. March 25K. Maguire, 2005, Capital One rolls with the punches, http//news.yahoo.com, March 21 http//wwwcapitalone.com. M. McCarthy, 2005, Capital Ones Whats in your wallet? ads filling airwaves, http//wwwusatoday.com. March 13. S. Maranjian, 2005, How to owe $40,000 by doing nothing, http//wwwfoolcom, February 11. R. Barker, 2003, Whos minding the store at Capital One? http//wwwbusinessweek.com. March 24. 2005, Fitch places Capital One on rating watch positive Hibernia on watch negative, http//wwwbloomberg.com. March 7 http//wwwcapitalone.com.

Eco365 Supply and Demand Simulation Paper

Supply and Demand Simulation ECO/365 Supply and Demand Simulation In the University of Phoenix pretext (2003), students are taken through the supply and demand of two-bedroom apartments in a urban center called Atlantis. The simulation itself is used as a tool to learn about the demand and supply curves as well as equilibrium. Other key learning institutionalises are the factors that affect supply and demand, the effect that a monetary value ceiling has on the measure demanded and the quantity supplied.Throughout the simulation, students bushel the renting rates or how some(prenominal) apartments are rented out for a given month. A microeconomic principle that stood out at the inception of the simulation was the use of the word monopoly. The simulated perplexity organization has a monopoly in the rental r to each one(prenominal) within Atlantis. I considered it to be a microeconomic principle in that it was limited to a certain region. On a macroeconomic scale, it would no t hold true because of the fact that there are numerous rental management organizations throughout the world.The second microeconomic principle from the simulation was the scenario in which the student is to determine a monthly rental rate that will remove the imbalance between quantity demanded and quantity supplied at the rental rate of $1550 (University of Phoenix, 2003). I consider this to be a microeconomic concept because each industry or field has its own norm for quantity demanded which definitely affects how much is supplied. An example of this is that of alien cars. There is a limited number of these vehicles in demand which results in the manufacturers of these cars to build provided a limited amount.A macroeconomic principle that showed through in the simulation was that for any product, more(prenominal) quantity is demanded at a lower price, other things remaining constant. To apply that to a microeconomic scale using the simulation as an example, when the rental rat e was reduced, more individuals were willing to rent apartments which led to a lower vacancy rate. As the rental rate is lowered, revenue first increases, reached a maximum at a finical rate and quantity demanded, and decreases. The second macroeconomic principle from the simulation was the supply curve demonstration.The student is tasked to let out correctly, the rental rate that the company would charge if it were to lease out all of the apartments. For any supplier, production cost normally increase for each additional unit of the product. In the case of the simulation, it was maintenance costs that were added for each unit rented out. This added cost meant that the rental rate had to increase as well. When the rental rate increased, the number of apartments that management was willing to lease out increased. This was a basic demonstration of how the supply curve works.At one point within the simulation, there is a budge in the demand curve. This is because there was an incre ase in the people in the city. At any given rental rate, more people rented apartments. This resulted in an increase in demand but the supply remained the same. As a result, the demand curve shifted to the right. The new equilibrium price is now higher than before and the number of apartments demanded and supplied increases. The change in expectations of management caused the supply of two-bedroom apartments to decrease.The expectation was that more individuals would prefer to live in a condo vice the two-bedroom apartment. It also eventually occurred and as a result, this factor caused the supply curve to shift to the left or decrease because there was not only a decrease in the demand for the two-bedroom but also a decrease in the supply. Since the shift in supply was greater than the shift in the demand, the price of rent increases. Had it been the other way around, the rental rate would have declined. Through this simulation, I was able to understand the affect of price ceiling s.In the case of the simulation, epoch tenants could only be charged up to a certain amount, they might be subjected to make up a portion of the difference by higher deposits in order to lease. Price ceilings could also ingest to discrimination in the form of choosing tenants on the basis of race, socioeconomic status, etcetera because the number of units that are accessible far exceeds the number of units the company is able to rent out due to costs. References University of Phoenix. (2003). Applying supply and demand concepts Multimedia. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, ECO365 website.

Political or social issues Essay

Ethnocentrism refers to peoples habit of applying selfness in daily life activities by considering themselves just than former(a)s, pulling towards themselves and therefore make completely judgments based on their own values, feelings, ideas, ideals, traditions and cultural practices. It is an aspect that brings issues of prejudices, hatred, ethnicity and stereotypic practices. On the other side, it strengthens and maintains belief structures and behaviors as well as creating rationale pride.It also creates personal volunteering spirit for ones group or society aimed at collective benefits. The mostly realized effect of ethnocentrism is that it creates negative effects especially when it comes to talk and understanding one another. This is because people from different floricultures have different opinions and perceptions when it comes to different issues in life such as cultural, political or social issues. It is therefore difficult for people to reach a consensus as everyone co nsiders him/her right, thus misperceptions and misunderstandings (Felix, 2004). b.Explain the difference between individual cultures and collectivist cultures and your personal experiences with culture shock. Hofstede compared ethnocentrism American and Indian college students and came up with two major aspects which mostly deepened Americans students socio-cultural conformity. One of the aspects was individualistic culture, where a culture is developed to value oneself more than others and when it comes to a group its members are considered more than non members. The other aspect was power distance dimension which mainly focused on societal equality and inequality.This is the vox populi that high powered people are entitled to more privileges than the low powered. According to his research the above two aspects made America score 91% and India 48% of ethnocentrism in students. Collectivist culture is the culture in which benefit to all is the principle. It applies in countries o r society where people value mutualism by caring for one another (Violet, 2001).ReferenceFelix, G. , (2004) Social Psychology. London, Blackwell Publishers Violet, T. , (2001) Sociological Theories and Approaches. West, CT, Praeger